{"id":5458,"date":"2023-10-23T15:46:33","date_gmt":"2023-10-23T15:46:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondlegal.ro\/?p=5458"},"modified":"2024-01-08T20:01:31","modified_gmt":"2024-01-08T20:01:31","slug":"despre-unknown-unknowns-in-contract","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondlegal.ro\/en\/despre-unknown-unknowns-in-contract\/","title":{"rendered":"Despre \u201eunknown unknowns\u201d \u00een contracte"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cum te preg\u0103te\u0219ti de imprevizibil sau de riscuri necunoscute \u00eentr-un contract?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nu ne referim la impreviziune sau la teoria riscurilor \u00een contracte. Impreviziunea are \u00een vedere probleme de ordin economic-financiar (infla\u021bie, fluctua\u021bii monetare) ce determin\u0103 un dezechilibru contractual, iar teoria riscurilor are \u00een vedere, \u00een mare parte, riscuri previzibile. Evident, imprevizibilul are o form\u0103 de acoperire legal\u0103 pe t\u0103r\u00e2mul contractual \u00een institu\u021bia for\u021bei majore sau a cazului fortuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen orice caz, ne referim doar la metode de redactare a unui contract<\/a>, nimic complex. Articolul r\u0103spunde la \u00eentrebarea \u201eCum acop\u0103r, \u00eentr-un contract, toate situa\u021biile ce pot ap\u0103rea?\u201d sau \u201eCum m\u0103 ap\u0103r de incertitudine\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideea porne\u0219te de la conceptul de \u201eunknown unknowns\u201d \u0219i anume lucruri pe care nu cuno\u0219ti c\u0103 nu le cuno\u0219ti. Pot fi lucruri complet imprevizibile (o pandemie global\u0103) sau lucruri mai simple pe care nu le ai deloc \u00een vedere, riscuri de care nu e\u0219ti deloce con\u0219tient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum te aperi de ceva ce nu e\u0219ti con\u0219tient c\u0103 nu cuno\u0219ti? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spre deosebire de \u201eunknown unknowns\u201d, mitigarea riscurilor presupune s\u0103 le cuno\u0219ti \u0219i aici vorbim de no\u021biunea de \u201eknown unknowns\u201d. Aceast\u0103 no\u021biune are \u00een vedere c\u0103 cuno\u0219ti ceea ce nu cuno\u0219ti \u0219i atunci \u0219tii cum s\u0103 te aperi (exemplu: \u0219tii ce presupune infla\u021bia dar nu \u0219tii c\u00e2nd apare). Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, mai exist\u0103 \u0219i no\u021biunea de \u201eunknown knowns\u201d sau ideea de a ignora involuntar sau de a nu fi con\u0219tient de lucruri pe care le cuno\u0219ti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conceptul original provine de la economistul american Frank Knight:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere are things we know that we don’t know\u2014the known unknowns. And there are unknown unknowns; the things we do not yet know that we do not know\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Incertitudinea este un dat, mai ales \u00eentr-o afacere. Pentru atenuarea \u0219i dep\u0103\u0219irea riscurilor exist\u0103 tendin\u021ba s\u0103 aduni c\u00e2t mai mult\u0103 informa\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00een\u021belepciune \u00een a fi con\u0219tient c\u0103 exist\u0103 lucruri pe care nu ai cum s\u0103 le cuno\u0219ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideea de baz\u0103 este c\u0103 nu ai cum s\u0103 cuno\u0219ti necunoscutul \u0219i atunci se pune \u00eentrebarea cum te aperi de ceva ce nu cuno\u0219ti c\u0103 nu cuno\u0219ti, de un necunoscut absolut? Nu este o \u00eentrebare nou\u0103 \u0219i exist\u0103 strategii \u00een acest sens:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Astfel, la momentul redact\u0103rii trebuie s\u0103 uzitezi de propria imagina\u021bie.<\/strong> Imagina\u021bia reprezint\u0103 un instrument important, aproape esen\u021bial, \u00een afacerea ta. Din acest motiv statele, \u00een special SUA, folosesc simul\u0103rile de r\u0103zboi (war games). Din acela\u0219i motiv exist\u0103 \u0219i simul\u0103ri de \u201er\u0103zboi\u201d \u00een context comercial (business war games<\/a>), pentru a testa \u201epe teren\u201d diferite strategii \u0219i pentru a trece prin diferite scenarii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redactarea unui contract presupune o form\u0103 de a te g\u00e2ndi la diferite scenarii care s-ar putea \u00eent\u00e2mpla (\u00eentreb\u0103ri, \u201ewhat if\u201d etc). Prin exerci\u021bii de imagina\u021bie \u00eencerci s\u0103 transformi \u201eunknowns unknowns\u201d \u00een riscuri ce pot fi mitigate (known unknowns). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scopul este ca niciun eveniment s\u0103 nu te suprind\u0103 nepreg\u0103tit din punct de vedere contractual. (ex: o pandemie ar fi cel mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 exemplu dar exist\u0103 \u0219i exemple mai comune, cum ar fi ca atunci c\u00e2nd partenerul t\u0103u denun\u021b\u0103 intempestiv contractul \u0219i descoperi c\u0103 este serios limitat\u0103 posibilitatea ta de cenzurare \/ ob\u021binere a unor daune).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, scopul este s\u0103 fii preg\u0103tit \u00een fa\u021ba imprevizibilului, incertitudinea fiind o realitate a vie\u021bii pe care nu ai dec\u00e2t s\u0103 o accep\u021bi ca atare, mai ales \u00een contextul afacerilor\/investi\u021biilor.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

De asemenea, o alt\u0103 strategie important\u0103 este redundan\u021ba<\/strong>. Poate c\u0103 sun\u0103 contra-intuitiv, mai ales av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 redundan\u021ba are \u00een vedere ideea de \u201esuperfluu\u201d \u201einutilitate\u201d, \u00eens\u0103 redundan\u021ba \u00ee\u021bi poate salva afacerea chiar dac\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103 faz\u0103 pare ineficient. Cel mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 exemplu st\u0103 \u00een noile strategii ale companiilor de a crea redundan\u021b\u0103 \u00een lan\u021burile de aprovizionare \u0219i anume s\u0103 diversifice locul de produc\u021bie a unor produse (ex: decizia Apple de a muta par\u021bial produc\u021bia de iPhone \u00een India.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen acela\u0219i sens, redundan\u021ba se refer\u0103 \u0219i la strategia de a diversifica sursele tale de venit \u0219i a nu te baza pe clien\u021bi \u201eprea mari\u201d care te fac prea dependent de ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen fine, \u00eentr-un contract nu trebuie s\u0103-\u021bi fie fric\u0103 s\u0103 folose\u0219ti clauze redundante sau care se suprapun. Poate o clauz\u0103 este prea specific\u0103 \u0219i nu surprinde un posibil risc fapt ce face ideal folosirea unei clauze generale \u00een completarea uneia particulare. Poate uneori formulezi o clauz\u0103 specific\u0103 pentru un scenariu specific \u00een minte, iar \u00een acest caz este indicat s\u0103 formulezi \u0219i o clauz\u0103 general\u0103, printr-o abstractizare \/ generalizare a scenariului specific. Acestea reprezint\u0103 doar dou\u0103 exemple \u00een care cheia succesului \u00een redactarea unui contract st\u0103 \u00een folosirea imagina\u021biei, dar \u0219i \u00een folosirea unor alte strategii, cum ar fi redundan\u021ba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afacerea ta are la baz\u0103 contractul, importan\u021ba lui nu poate fi subestimat\u0103. Un contract \u00eentocmit corect<\/a> sau gre\u0219it poate fi decisiv pentru afacerea ta. A te \u201epreg\u0103ti\u201d de incertitudine presupune s\u0103 o accep\u021bi \u0219i mai apoi s\u0103 aplici diverse metode astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 fii preg\u0103tit pentru inevitabil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTrue confidence is living in uncertainty. The winner is the one that risks it and eats the consequences!\u201d <\/strong>Phil Stutz<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Articolul porne\u0219te de la conceptul de \u201eunknown unknowns\u201d \u0219i anume lucruri pe care nu cuno\u0219ti c\u0103 nu le cuno\u0219ti. Pot fi lucruri complet imprevizibile (o pandemie global\u0103) sau lucruri mai simple pe care nu le ai deloc \u00een vedere, riscuri de care nu e\u0219ti deloc con\u0219tient. Acest concept vine \u00een contrast cu \u201eknown unknowns\u201d care este baza conceptului clasic de mitigare a riscurilor \u0219i anume lucruri pe care cuno\u0219ti c\u0103 nu le cuno\u0219ti (exemplu: \u0219tii ce este infla\u021bia dar nu \u0219tii exact c\u00e2nd poate ap\u0103rea \u0219i cum \u00ee\u021bi poate influen\u021ba afacerea).<\/p>\n

Practic, articolul r\u0103spunde la \u00eentrebarea \u201eCum acop\u0103r, \u00eentr-un contract, toate situa\u021biile ce pot ap\u0103rea?\u201d sau \u201eCum m\u0103 ap\u0103r de incertitudine?\u201d sau, un scop mai larg, \u0219i anume importan\u021ba contractului \u00een afacerea sau via\u021ba ta. De altfel, conceptele discutate pot fi aplicate cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 \u00een diferite arii ale afacerii tale (de ex: ideea de redundan\u021b\u0103 este uneori aplicat\u0103 \u00een modul de func\u021bionare a lan\u021burilor de aprovizionare).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3671,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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